Repentance and suffering are two different things. Repentance is about the heart and turning our focus to God. Suffering is the body or soul; the law of sacrifice (Giving our comfort and even our lives over to God). It is by grace that we suffer and refine our spirits in progression, lifting others as we lift ourselves. This is part of having a broken heart and contrite spirit. Jesus was the perfect of example of this.
11 And I, John, bear record that I beheld his glory, as the glory of the Only Begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth, even the Spirit of truth, which came and dwelt in the flesh, and dwelt among us.
12 And I, John, saw that he received not of the fulness at the first, but received grace for grace;
13 And he received not of the fulness at first, but continued from grace to grace, until he received a fulness; (D&C 93)
Grace is another word for glory.
As we ascend from one estate to another more glory is added upon us until the fullness is given. We grow “grace for grace.” This glory, or light, or knowledge, or gift, or endowment, is how we receive our exaltation. Praise God for His everlasting mercy!
Pure Revelations 
Are there specific increments of glory and grace like there are estates, or is degrees used to just describe the idea of slowly and surely getting there?
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Glory and grace are synonymous, and depending on the kind of grace we obtain we can grow and progress. It is a free gift given to those who seek it. Although the gate is narrow, His sheep hear His voice.
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When Christ says tht His sheep hear His voice, is He referring only to those of the House of Israel , or does that include any one who will believe His gospel without hardness of hearts? As well, what exactly is the house of Israel other than being desendants of Jacob, is it those who chose to follow Christ before they were born, or did Christ choose them instead?
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They are those who made covenants before they were born. But, the gift is offered to all.
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